Animalpedia

One of the services that a reputable lake management company provides to lake and pond owners is in-depth consultation on maintaining healthy fish populations. If you have a body of water for recreational purposes, that is, for fishing, you will naturally want to sit down and enjoy the day of catching (and possibly releasing) fish. Whether for private leisure or part of a fish camp, this water property should be properly stocked and the water should be tested regularly. The health of the people who use the lake and the aquatic organisms in it depend on a high degree of caution and caution. If you are unfamiliar with the release of large fish, you should know that there is science to be aware of. This is very different from when you have a bowl at home and throw it away at a pet store’s goldfish or guppy and think you’ll get along. Lake Management Many factors are considered by biologists when preparing lake stockpiles. It is highly recommended to consult a specialist to keep...

Summer provides the water garden with the best time of the year-and you also need to pay attention to the problem of high temperatures. To stay healthy and grow, fish need to get all the nutrients available from their food, so give them food that they can easily absorb in their system. If the fish look hungry, feed them 1-3 times a day. Feeding a small amount of food ensures that all food is eaten and prevents leftovers from rotting and water from getting dirty due to the high temperatures of summer. Don’t feed non-hungry fish-it only wastes money and pollutes their environment. Oxygen is more likely to dissolve in winter when the water temperature is low. High temperatures mean that it is difficult to get oxygen in the water. Therefore, in summer, it can be difficult for fish to obtain sufficient dissolved oxygen, especially in the harsh summer heat. Even if the fish eat, the movements caused by feeding further deplete the oxygen supply. Feed the fish during the cool morning hour...

Fish oil is a type of fatty acid derived from oily fish tissue. Contains omega-3 fatty acids such as docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA). If you don’t have access to fish oil, you can get plenty of supplements on the market. Benefits of fish oil There are many benefits associated with taking oil. Some of these benefits are: Cholesterol control : Cholesterol levels in the body are not only essential for heart health, but also for the whole body. Experts have shown that consuming 3 to 6 grams of fish oil daily can help promote a healthy balance between high-density lipoprotein and low-density lipoprotein. This oil has also been shown to promote healthy levels of triacylglycerol levels in the body. To support healthy cholesterol levels, you need to support your oil intake by eating a diet rich in fresh fruits and vegetables. Bone support : Bone support is important for women, especially those entering menopause. As you grow older as a woman, you lack standard l...

Recently, there are many ancient civilizations with wonderful aquarium decorations. These include Mayan, Asian, and always-famous Greek archaeological sites. Using any of these will create a stunning scene of the bygone era, creating an atmosphere of surprise and discovery in your room. One of the ancient civilizations that I personally love to use in tank design is the ancient Egyptians. At least those who have never seen pictures of the Great Pyramids or the towering mighty Sphinx. With the cool and highly detailed aquarium ornaments available these days, you can bring an exact replica of the Egyptian landscape to the aquarium. In Egyptian tank decoration, there are basically several options. You can create outdoor and indoor scenes, or use Egyptian relics. To create an outdoor Egyptian scene, use a replica of a huge structure, which is a synonym for Egypt. These include pyramids and sphinxes. Place it on sand-colored gravel to give the impression of being in the desert. If you plan ...

Omega-3 fatty acid fish oil can boost the immune system, especially when taken with the right multinutrient supplements. Let me explain what I mean. What does the immune system do The human immune system is made up of many organs, including the skin, proteins in the bloodstream, cells, and tissues. Its function is to prevent diseases, infections and tumors. However, it does not always work for a variety of reasons. A variety of dietary supplements can be used to promote the functioning of a healthy immune system. One of them is fish oil because it contains omega-3 fatty acids. In immunodeficiency, the body cannot fight illness or infection. These illnesses are life-threatening and require lifestyle and medicinal interventions and nutritional support for patients to survive. Autoimmune diseases are much more common. In these diseases, the immune system attacks healthy cells in the same way it attacks invading pathogens. The most common autoimmune diseases include rheumatoid arthritis an...

Do you want to know if there is an adult discus fish, male or female? In this article, I’ll give you some tips and tricks you can use to determine the gender of the discus and what you want to buy. First of all, keep in mind that these are just guides, and in some situations women have male characteristics and men have female characteristics, so they are not always 100% correct. Here’s how to determine the gender of your discus 1, dorsal and anal fins Look closely at the dorsal and anal fins of the intervertebral disc. Are they rounded or pointed? Men tend to have sharpened dorsal and anal fins, sometimes prolonging growth at the posterior end of the dorsal fin. Women tend to have rounded rear fins. 2, the color and pattern of your discus Look at the colors and patterns of the discus fish and compare them in the aquarium. Hopefully some fish will have a stronger color and some discs will have more patterns. Male discus fish tend to be less dark but more patterned, and female...

Over the years, the popularity of fish oil has grown tremendously. This can be due to many health benefits associated with the use of this supplement. These benefits are primarily driven by the presence of various omega-3 fatty acids such as eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). To better understand the importance of this type of oil, the following is an overview of the health benefits of fish oil. Cardiovascular health This is probably the most striking advantage associated with the use of fish oil. The two omega-3 fatty acid compounds DHA and EPA found in it have been clinically proven to be capable of reducing the amount of triglycerides in the blood. Triglycerides are a type of fat found in the blood that significantly reduces cardiovascular health and increases an individual’s risk of developing heart disease. It can also prevent atherosclerosis, a condition in which fat collects in the arteries, making them stiff and obstructing blood flow. Taking high-...

There is a house party almost every weekend. Friends who come in for food and drink are made to think about offering them something new and interesting. I used to provide packaged foods, but I finally got into the kitchen and picked them up because of the adverse health effects. Being a non-vegetarian always leaves me a lot of room to experiment with the main ingredients that are chicken or fish. Nevertheless, the benefits of including fish in your diet are far greater than any other form of meat. So I tried using the healthiest “salmon”. Rich in antioxidants, it is rich in omega-3s, an excellent source of protein and B vitamins. This recipe was trying to get an “A” in terms of health. However, it’s crunchy to get the taste, so why not make a “fish fry”? A recent discovery of a great appetizer is my fried semolina fish! Healthy with about 120 calories. 4 servings per meal, cooking time 35-40 minutes. Fast and easy! material: 1) Fish fillet (if y...

Parents want the best for their children. They give children anything that is healthy and beneficial to their health. Therefore, in recent years, many parents have jumped into the tide of giving their children fish oil capsules. Fish oil, known for its omega-3 properties, is touted as helping children improve brain function. Omega-3 fatty acids are naturally found in fish such as sardines, salmon and mackerel. However, most children are deficient in omega-3s because these fish are rarely found in modern children’s diets. Studies show that taking this beneficial supplement improves children’s brain power, reading skills, and confidence. Researchers have emphasized the benefits to the brain, especially for children with learning and behavioral problems. When children suffer from dyslexia, autism or attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), their brains need more fatty acids than the average child. Incorporating omega-3s into your diet can help you focus more and reduce ...

Have you ever been frustrated by the seemingly contradictory information about what types of natural supplements can help MS and what really doesn’t? I intended to write this article about the benefits of fish oil for MS. This has been taken by myself for many years and my neurologist has long recommended it to be beneficial. When I read a little more and did some research, I was surprised to find that fish oil was “useless”, “useless”, and “disappointing as multiple sclerosis” for patients with multiple sclerosis. I found one after another. Treatment. “What do people think after years of opposition? In this article, I’ll talk a little more about both sides of this important issue and my personal conclusions as an MS patient. .. Most of these conclusions are based on a recent study in Bergen, Norway, led by Dr. Oivind Torkildsen of Haukeland University Hospital. This report was published online April 16, 2012 in the Archives of Neur...

There are many factors to consider when creating a fishpond design. There is nothing worse than setting up a pond with fish and having problems with the location of the pond. I make a lot of fishponds myself, so I would like to share my expertise with you. I made a mistake, but I learned from doing research with other pond builders. Here are the main factors to consider before you start building your own pond with fish. Pond location- First of all, you have to consider the location of your pond. The pond should be located in the shade from the afternoon sun. Think of it as sitting in full unprotected sun. The same is true for fish. If you’ve ever fished in a lake with bright sun, how do you find a fish? Yes, in the shade. It is important to monitor where the afternoon sun and shadows fall. This will help you locate the pond. Soil type- Another important factor to consider is the type of ground on which the pond is dug. Is the ground full of rocks or just soil? Unless you have a ba...

Although it requires a great deal of dedication and maintenance, freshwater aquariums are a great hobby for potential pet owners. Caring for fish can be very detailed and complex, but there are some helpful tips for beginners to get the most out of their aquarium while maintaining their health and longevity. There are two basic types of freshwater aquariums: community tanks and seed tanks. Seed tanks contain one type of seed and are often used for seeds that require special tank conditions. This type of tank is not recommended for beginners. The other type of community tank is recommended for beginners as it contains several types of fish that can coexist peacefully in one environment. Not only is this a good situation to see some types of fish, but it is generally easier to care for the aquarium as all fish require similar “typical” aquarium conditions. Choosing a fish that fits the community’s freshwater tanks is important to promote fish health and overall well-bein...

The aquarium is a wonderful piece of work at home, where you can feel at ease and calm. There are many types of aquariums that can be maintained from cold to tropical, and each variation has its own amazing set of fish. There are many different types of freshwater aquarium sharks, and the choice depends on the size of the aquarium you are using. Sharks can be a beautiful addition to any home tank, but be sure to do your homework first. Some are very territorial and can attack other fish, but others need a hiding place. Also, keeping multiple types of sharks in an aquarium is not a good idea. This can cause aggressive behavior in some species. One of the best types of sharks is the rose or silver shark. This is a very peaceful shark, much like the real thing. They are compatible with most other fish, but can be very large. In some cases, it can reach up to 12 inches in length. The best way to keep this fish is to make a flock of about six. That is, the size of the aquarium should be at ...

Chinese ecliptic astrology is old, interesting, accurate and loved by millions of people around the world. The Chinese zodiac is based on the cyclical concept of time: the 12-year cycle is repeated many times. Twelve years are associated with twelve celestial animals: rats (or mangoose mice), cows (or buffalo or bulls or cows), tigers, rabbits (or rabbits or cats), dragons, snakes (or snakes). , Horses, goats (or sheep or lamb), monkeys, roosters (or chickens or cocks or chickens or phoenix), dogs and pigs (or boars or pigs). The names of the animals sometimes vary depending on the oriental country from which they came. China’s annual horoscope is basically built around the signs of these 12 animals. Your Chinese constellation is directly based on the Chinese New Year in which you were born. Lunar New Year is mobile and can start anywhere from January 21st to February 20th, depending on the year. If your date of birth falls under any of the following Chinese month years, you are ...

Discus fish live in the waters of South America in Brazil and Peru. Discus fish are classified as “grazingers” and are constantly looking for food in the wild. The discus is tall and the body is compressed laterally. Their swim bladder is on the stomach. They have a small stomach and a short digestive tract, and these small stomachs are designed to hold a small amount of food, so giving too much discus can be a problem. Even minor constipation can cause serious problems for discus fish. Discus diets are diverse and must contain the nutritional value needed to survive.In discussions with our breeder Nick Lockhart Perfect discus , I asked him what to recommend for his daily diet. Nick feeds our discus twice a day. He generally feeds on living white bugs twice a week. White worms are cultivated on-site, refrigerated in a small apartment-sized refrigerator, and temperature-controlled by a device that uses a probe to maintain a temperature of approximately 55-65 degrees for best ...

Ancient Chinese astrology is not only fascinating, but also very accurate. It is based on Zodiac’s 12 signs, a 12-year cycle, and is named after 12 iconic animals: chickens (or mice), cows (or buffalo or bulls or cows), tigers, rabbits. (Or rabbits or cats), dragons, snakes, horses, goats (or sheep or rams), monkeys, roosters (or chickens or roosters or chickens or phoenix), dogs and pigs (or bulls or pigs). Your Chinese constellation is based on your Chinese New Year. Chinese New Year is movable and can start anywhere from January 21st to February 20th, depending on the year. If your date of birth falls under any of the Chinese lunar calendars listed below, you are born with an ox (or buffalo or bull or cow) and are symbolically “Ox (or buffalo or or). It is identified as a bull). Or cow) “: From February 19, 1901, to February 7, 1902 From February 6, 1913 to January 25, 1914 From January 25, 1925 to February 12, 1926 From February 11, 1937 to January 30, 1938 From Ja...

1. Betta fish have very well-developed eyesight, so when they see a human hand floating above the aquarium to feed, they swim to the top of the aquarium. 2. Another name for solid fish is Siamese fighting fish, whose name is pronounced in the same way as the Greek letter beta. For this reason, the name is often misspelled or written as beta fish. , This is the American way. Some people think that the name is related to the Greek alphabet, but it is actually derived from the Thai word “ikanbettah”. Betta fish, known as Prakado in Thailand, live in shallow freshwater. 3. Due to the wonderful color and other advantages of male betta fish, they are the most popular aquarium fish. Of course, this doesn’t mean you can put them in tanks and not take care of them, they need to take a lot of care. 4. Betta fish are actually produced in Southeast Asia, Thailand, Malaysia and China. 5. They grow to about 3 inches and have a relatively short lifespan of about 2 years, but some li...

You can collect a variety of garden plants / weeds to feed rabbits and guinea pigs. When animals are trapped in a hut during bad weather, thank you for cutting out a handful of mixed weeds. However, they prefer relatively short grasses to coarse and long grasses. Of course, the supply of wild plants varies from season to season, with the most options in spring and early summer. Before feeding the plants, make sure they are unlikely to be toxic. If in doubt, it is best to ignore the plant unless you are absolutely certain that it will not harm the strain. As a general guide, all of the following are safe to use as food. Bramble (Rubus fruticosus): Rabbits that especially like young leaves. Old leaves can also be provided, but if these are also fed, be careful not to leave the thorns on the stems. This is not a problem if one of the prickly varieties grown is available. Chickweed (Stellaria media): There are various forms of chickweed, and their distribution can be fairly localized. Howe...

Ingestion of fast food and fried snacks causes cholesterol to build up in the arteries, causing fatal health problems such as heart attacks and strokes. These calorie-rich foods also contribute significantly to increasing the country’s obesity rate. Besides consulting your doctor and sweating in the gym, it’s just as important to eat a healthy diet and maintain a systematic lifestyle. Ingestion of cold-water fish such as salmon, herring, and sardines, which are rich in omega-3 fatty acids, helps remove LDL low-density lipoprotein (bad cholesterol), and oil extracted from fish is one of the strong sources of omega-3 fatty acids. It is considered. The market is full of many omega-3 supplements, but extracting from natural resources is always beneficial. Fish oil offers a wide range of benefits for many clinically proven health problems. Consumption of oil from the liver of fish helps eliminate depression, tension, arthritis, weight loss and more. Let’s talk about some of...

There are more than 45 species of rabbits in the world, but only about 17 have a “commercial” (large, chubby, fleshy) body suitable for meat production. What makes some meat rabbit breeds superior to others is their high meat-to-bone ratio, fast growth, fur color and easy care. California Adult size: Medium (7-10 lbs / 3.5-4.75 kg) California rabbits were developed in the United States in the 1920s and produce meat and fur well. The Californian is a hybrid of Himalayan, standard chinchilla, and New Zealand white rabbits and is currently the second most popular meat-producing rabbit in the world. The body is plump but the bones are fine. California rabbits are very similar to Himalayan rabbits, with a predominantly white body with black legs, nose, ears and tail. Their average litter size is 6-8 rabbits. new Zealand Adult size: large (8-12 lbs / 3.6-5.4 kg) Despite its name, New Zealand rabbits were first bred in the United States for meat and fur production in 191...

There are many wonders associated with the intake of fish oil, commonly known as omega-3 fatty acids. Many people do not know that fish oil intake is also directly related to skin color. Regular intake of omega-3 fatty acids has many health benefits. It is good for heart health, promotes vision, strengthens the immune system, helps prevent cancer, and helps with digestive problems. These were health benefits. Starting to take fresh supplements on a regular basis not only improves skin tone, but also reduces nail breakage, improves skin texture and improves dry hair. Many of you are unaware that fish oil and skin color are related to each other. Studies show that people suffering from skin diseases such as eczema, lupus, and psoriasis can improve their skin with the use of omega-3 fatty acids. There are two types of omega-3 fatty acids. One is known as DHA and the other is known as EPA, both of which act as anti-inflammatory agents. This is why taking supplements is so effective agains...

Paranormal or paranormal events have long been a topic of press value and have attracted the attention of both believers and skeptics. When something unexplained happened, especially when a mysterious ghostly situation happened, neighbors started talking, newspaper articles started popping up, and soon the story became legendary. It was. Over the years, these stories have become increasingly decorated and soon become part of community folklore. There are many great examples of these supernatural stories. Below is an overview of the three most well-known stories. Bellwich -One of America’s most famous haunts was owned by John Bell in the early 1800s and now occurs in Adams, Tennessee. The story begins in 1817 when farmer John works in one of the cornfields and finds an animal that looks strange. The creature appeared to have a dog body with a rabbit head, and John didn’t waste time trying to shoot things. After a few bullets, the animal just disappeared and John returned to ...

Not many people have seen blobfish. That’s because they live in very deep water, mostly at the bottom of the ocean. Frankly, blobfish aren’t very attractive. However, they can only be seen by fishermen who accidentally catch them in the net when cleaning the seabed. Blobfish or blobscarpins were born off the coast of Australia and Tasmania. Where they live, at about 800 meters, the pressure is 80 times the pressure at sea level. That means most fish bladders aren’t going to work for them. However, this fish is actually just a large amount of gel, like looking at Jello (TM), but with larger eyes, nose and mouth. The average length of a fish is about 2 feet. Because they are all gels, this fish is less dense than water. This allows him to float on the sea floor without having to swim. That’s good because blobfish have no muscle at all. It looks like a large chunk of jelly, but its face is triangular and looks like a frown or a frown. Blobfish feed by simply sitting...

Rabbits are preferred by adults and children because they are not only adorable, cute and cute, but also easy to care for. Rabbits are great companions and suitable pets for kids and adults, and are a way to relieve the stress caused by busy and busy schedules at work or school. Pet owners prefer to keep them as pets because they are sociable, tame, and treatable. They are self-groomers, so you don’t have to bathe or groom often. With special care and attention, you can build a special bond with them. They are sociable creatures, so they love to play, walk around, and sit next to you. Keep in mind that keeping a rabbit as a pet requires great responsibility as a pet owner, as it requires feeding nutritious food and vitamins and providing a safe and secure place to stay. .. If there are environmental hazards such as rain, snow and predators, it is your duty to protect them from danger. Despite the limited funds you have, you can still provide them with a safe place to stay by reusi...

Carp is known everywhere as carp. In eastern culture, especially in China and Japan, there are many superstitions and myths, including carp. These tattoos are very colorful and all colors symbolize a particular feature and have different meanings. There are various shades such as red, blue, yellow, gold, white, black and gray. It has to travel miles upstream for food and nutrition. One of the common myths of Eastern culture is that when a carp swims upstream of a particular waterfall and reaches the highest point called the Yellow River’s Dragon Gate, it transforms into a dragon. This is why, apart from other virtues, it usually represents the strength, determination and patience of the fish. The legend began in China, but the Japanese also accepted carp fish and associated it with many of their legends, parables and stories. These tattoos also symbolize good luck, so other good luck-related charms such as cherry blossoms and lotus flowers are tattooed. They are usually tattooed i...

Identify the strengths of your child:- “Everyone is a genius, but when you judge a fish by its ability to climb a tree, you believe it is stupid and live your life.”-Albert Einstein. Do you hope his words remind you of the very famous “animal story”? Let’s rewind the story. Once upon a time, all animals decided to organize a school to deal with the problems of the new world. The curriculum includes running, mountaineering, swimming and flying, and all animals have decided to take all subjects. The ducks were good at swimming. In fact, he was better than his instructor, but he was not good at running. Gradually his webbed feet were badly worn and average in swimming, but average in school, and no one was worried except the ducks. Rabbits were good at running, but they had a nervous breakdown because they had to spend a lot of time in the pool to work in swimming. The squirrel was the best student to climb a tree, but faced serious frustration because the tea...

Fishing is more than just throwing bait and waiting for the fish to get caught-it’s an art, and you need to consider some tips to get the species you want. Here are some tips to consider: Find the right area You need to find the right place for you to catch the fish. Some of the best places are: rivers, ponds, and public spaces. You can also visit the local city park. Various species of fish live in these areas and anyone can catch them. They are usually in ponds, so it’s easy to catch fish here. Unfortunately, the park is crowded and the water is usually dirty. If you live on the beach, you should try sea fishing. There are many seeds here. Please note that you need another license for sea fishing. Some species are too large and require specialized tools, so you also need the right equipment. Catch fish at the right time Did you know that you can’t always fish and you can’t expect to catch the species you’re interested in? A good time to fish depends on th...

Building some outdoor enclosures is much cheaper than building many cages. The 110 square meter area can accommodate 200 free-range rabbits and can breed 10 rabbits. To fit into a free-range system, you need 25 cages and 8 growing rabbits per cage. In addition, breeding requires its own individual cage with a nesting area, which means an additional 10 cages. Rabbit urine is high in ammonia and can be harmful to your health if not cleaned often. Snuffles, a highly lethal disease, generally occur. In nature, and in outdoor enclosures with soil floors, urine is safely absorbed into the ground. Rabbits produce two types of feces, one of which needs to be digested again. It contains essential nutrients and beneficial bacteria that are essential for rabbit health. In the cage system, these droppings fall through the mesh and the rabbits cannot access them. Cleaning the cage system requires more time and effort. First, you need to get rid of the urine-soaked feces under the cage. Next, the f...

The only thing you need to keep fish is the aquarium. However, not including filtration increases the amount of work required to keep the aquarium healthy and clean. If the tank is small, you need to change the water frequently. In addition, small tanks or bowls are very difficult to circulate, which makes them less stable. Apart from that, small aquariums have to accommodate fewer fish. In general, the larger the tank, the easier it is to clean. This can also be a headache in the long run. Things to consider when choosing an aquarium Tight water -If the aquarium is not watertight, it is difficult to keep aquatic pets because the environment deteriorates rapidly. Leaks reduce fish space, increase waste levels, and reduce dissolved oxygen. In addition, leaks can cause problems outside the tank. And these include damage to furniture, floors, building structures, and personal belongings. Water insoluble -If the tank is water soluble, the first requirement of watertightness cannot ...

If you live somewhere outside the major urban areas-even in the suburbs-you probably have a rabbit nearby. And even in downtown areas, rabbits can be a problem if there are small fields nearby. Invading the lawns and gardens of innocent homeowners is the way they tend to survive in these places. Rabbits that are so cute that they may appear in photos or during Easter time can cause serious damage to lawns, gardens and landscaping. They eat many different plants and flowers, leaving only the roots. However, you can avoid these problems by using a simple and inexpensive fence. There are two things to keep in mind when planning your fence: 1. Rabbit can dig 2. They can squeeze some narrow spaces Rabbits are usually found on the ground-they are not digging animals. But they build houses by digging up the ground and creating small tunnels and caves to protect them from the elements. Rabbits can easily dig under the fence if the fence can only reach the ground or just above it. When building...

An easy way to breed your fish The most attractive fish you can keep is the discus. Of course, this is my opinion. These beautiful creatures are very expensive and can cost hundreds of dollars per fish. I personally think this is a crazy price tag for Discus and I would never recommend paying more than $ 70 per adult. In Michigan, there is an aquarium store here. Discus tolls are about $ 45 for boys and up to about $ 70 for adults. Due to the high price of Discus, if you follow these tips correctly, you may not need to buy another Discus again, so I would like to share some secrets for saving fish money. Next step Maintaining a discus aquarium is an explosion, but hobbies are more than that. Breeding them is the next level of hobby, even if I know I like to take care of discus. This is fun and a great way to save on fish costs. Breeding discus can be difficult, but with proper guidance it can be a really easy experience. When you take care of the discus, you know how expensive a fish ...

There are many things to consider when planning to buy a rabbit cage. Perhaps the most important of them is the size of the rabbit cage. It is advisable to buy a large cage for rabbits. But at the same time, you need to consider your budget as well as your space. Large cages are the perfect investment option for the health and well-being of your beautiful pet rabbit. The size of the cage should be at least four times the size of the rabbit. But no one is going to stop you from buying the bigger ones. The size of the rabbit cage also depends to some extent on the rabbit breed. Some varieties are more active and larger than others, so of course they need more area. Rabbits definitely want to play in a larger area, but as an owner, you are looking for a rabbit cage that can be easily cleaned and maintained, while at the same time meeting the needs of your pet. Aside from feeders and water bottles, rabbits need a lot of space to move around and play. For rabbits, chewing treats and toys ar...